Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus? A device able to perform simple math calculations.

In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer? Freely programmable.

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.



In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what? By the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.



In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom? The Census Bureau.

What does UNIVAC stand for? Universal Automatic Computer.

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for? International business machines.

What is FORTRAN? The IBM mathematical formula translating system.

Post a photo of the first mouse.


In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked? By making them a more user-friendly tool.

What is the significance of ARPnet? The first internet - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it. The first single chip microprocessor, the intel 4004
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one. The first memory disk commonly called the floppy disk.
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this? The first ethernet computer network.

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.




Altair


Apple I
Apple II
TRS-80



Commodore PET

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package? The MS_DOS computer operating system which was packaged with the IBM PC.

Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer? Xerox corporation.

What is GUI? Graphical user interface.

Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it? The Apple Macintosh computer.

The commercial only ran one time. When? The 1984 superbowl, January 22, 1984.

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this? The Windows Operating system.

Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they? Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs.

When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced? 1990.

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"? An easter egg is a hidden meaning for users to discover.

Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications. 1. With photoshop running go to apple menu
2. Hold option key and pull down to about photoshop
3. You get beta splash screen
4. hold command key and click cat's nose
5. Belch!!

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years? Computers will and already are revolutionizing the way that humans receive, give, and spread information. Computers will be used more frequently in schools and large companies will use more technology and programs on a daily basis.

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated? From engravings or woodcuts.

What is a camera obscura? An optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.

Post an example of a camera obscura.

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure? A way to observe light.

From where did the photographic camera develop? The portable box.

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from? Sir John Hershel - the Greek words for light and writing.

Post an the first photograph.

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph? Joseph Niepce.

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Louis Daguerre. The exposure time was reduced but it was expensive and the images couldn't be duplicated.

Post an example of a Calotype image.

Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? William Fox Talbot. The quality was inferior to Dauerreotype. An unlimited amount of duplicates can be made.

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.

Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Frederick Scott Archer. Reduced exposure time and inexpensive. Inconvenient.

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Richard Maddox. Simpler yet too complex for the public.

Who is George Eastman? Made photography accessible to all.

What company did he establish? The Eastman Kodak Company.

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.

In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public? He sold a camera for only $1.

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish? Patenting polarized light filters and the invention of instant photography. The Polaroid Corporation.

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo? 60 seconds.

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for? Using multiple cameras to capture motion.

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

What is the Zoopraxiscope? A device used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion.

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.

How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion? Muybridge place cameras at intervals that would be triggered by a thread as the horse passed by.

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this? Individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel.

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.

What is a motion picture projector? A light shines through the film and magnifies the moving picture onto a screen for an audience.

Assignment 15 Research and Inspiration

Research for the Illuminated Manuscript is on the blog post "The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st Century AD."

Inspiration

The text I want to use is lyrics from the Young the Giant songs Apartment and Cough Syrup. My first letter will be A.

Delicate, intricate, floral, deep colors.
I like the floral decorations with the look of vines and the colors.

I like the size of the letter and that it continues down the page.

I like this manuscript's intricate border.

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter? Christopher Sholes.

What is a "stenographer"? Someone skilled in the transcription of speech.

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.

Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane? For him to test it, because he was a stenographer.

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine? He wanted a machine to bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page.

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine? Ottmar Mergenthaler

What is meant by "typesetting"? Arranging or generating type.

Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter? It allows type to be set mechanically rather than by hand.

How did this machine change the newspaper industry? It allowed a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.

How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today? It has 90 characters and no shift key- uppercase letters were separate from lowercase.

Post an example of a Linotype slug.

What is a slug? An assembled line of type cast as a single piece.

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.

Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type? There are more than 100,000 around the world.

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with? Inventing technology of printing with movable type.

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work? Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set block letters held within a wooden form. The form was pressed against a sheet of paper.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books? He spent his time watching goldsmiths and jewelers and had a love of reading.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type? Woodcuts weren't durable and split in the press after repeated use. New blocks had to be carved for each new impression and block was discarded as soon as slightly different impression was needed.

Post an example of movable type in a type case.What is moveable type? The system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce elements of a document.

What is a matrix? A hard metal punch is hammered into a softer copper bar.

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press? An oil-based ink that is more durable than water-based ink.

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate? A substrate made from wood pulp.

What is a "substrate"? A surface on which a process occurs.


Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? John Fust, a wealthy businessman. He sued Gutenberg and won the press, tools, materials, and all 180 Bibles.

What was the first book he printed? The Bible.

Post an example of this book.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication? Perfected script and made it easier to read, books are made more rapidly, current information could be shared locally and around the world, the cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy, demand grew and the population became more literate, book trade flourished as well as industries such as papermaking, economies became stronger, art and science began to flourish which led to the beginning of the Renaissance.

Who introduced the printing press to England? William Caxton

What was the early form of newspapers? Trade newsletters.

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called? 1704, The Boston Letter.

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s? The steam powered rotary press.

Post an example of a 1930s printing press.By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"? A book or news print.

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process? Relief printing. Movable type is placed into the press and ink is spread onto the type. Paper is placed on the top and the press applies the direct pressure needed to transfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? Printmaking where an image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink. Ink is applied and then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. Damp paper is placed on top, a press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred? A basic stencil process where an image carrier is attached to a screen. Ink is forced through open mesh areas.

Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred? Printing from a flat surface. Drawing is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. Water is applied. When the ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink and the wet don't.

Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today? Offset Lithography.

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.

What were the drawbacks of the scroll? They are designed for sequential usage. The reader must read the text in the order it was written.

Post an example of a codex.
What is a codex? A covered and bound collection of handwritten pages.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why? The codex is written on pages of paper and when is bound, resembles a block of wood.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"? Random access - one can go to any point to find information. Sequential access - one must go through the scroll to find information.

What were the advantages of using the codex? Easier to organize in libraries because the title can be written on the spine.

What helped spread the use of the codex? The rise of Christianity.

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it? Parchment paper and was created by removing hair and fat and smoothing out the skin. The hide was soaked in water, calcium, flour, and salt were added, and the skin was stretched out, flattened, and dried.

What is vellum? A finer quality of parchment made from skin of young calves.

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex? Kindle, iPad, Nook.

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration? The decline of the Roman Empire and the result of fewer books being created.

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form? Monastic monks.

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation? The borders, illustration, and ornamentation added to each page of text. Initials of chapters or paragraphs, paintings in margins, borders, and around text.

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts? Natural guill pens.

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes? The work required so much labor to create.

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important? Paying attention to detail and using skill in a particular field. It is important to create quality work that is worthwhile to the creator and viewer/user.

The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet? A variant of the Greek alphabet.

What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering? Important manuscripts and official documents.

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make? There were several defined styles of lettering for different purposes.

From where did serifs originate? Carving words into stone.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop? With the institution of a baseline.

What is a ligature and why were they utilized? A ligature is two letters combined into one symbol.

Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.